where every possible sort of observer will come about infinitely many times? The same basic question about the role of observers is as fundamental to the science of the indefinitely large (cosmology) as it is to that of the infinitesimally small (quantum physics). This key issue of typicality also confronted Austrian physicist and philosopher Ludwig Boltzmann. In 1897 he posited an infinite space-time as a means to explain how extraordinarily well-ordered the universe is compared with the state of high entropy, or disorder, predicted by thermodynamics. Given such an arena, where every conceivable combination of particle position and momentum would exist somewhere, he suggested that the orderliness around us might be that of an incredibly rare fluctuation within an infinite space-time.
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